Angelica

Angelica

Angelica

Clinical overview

Use

dosage

Clinical studies on dosage recommendations are lacking. Traditional doses of dried angelica root and rhizome are between 3 and 6 g/day (in divided doses).

Contraindications

Contraindications have not been identified.

Pregnancy/breastfeeding

Avoid using. Adverse effects and emmenagogic effects were documented.

Interactions

The related Angelica sinensis has an antiplatelet effect.

Side effects

Limited clinical studies provide information about side effects. A small clinical trial found no increase in blood pressure or heart rate during 8 weeks of leaf extract use. Allergic dermatitis has been reported and photosensitization is possible.

toxicology

Poisoning has been reported with high doses of angelica oils.

Scientific family

• Apiaceae (Karotte)

botany

Angelica is a common, aromatic biennial herb grown in Northern Europe. It has fleshy, spindle-shaped roots, an upright stem and greenish-yellow flowers arranged in an umbel. The seeds are elongated and cream colored; Angelica seeds (i.e. the fruit) are similar to, and sometimes confused with, water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) because it is extremely poisonous. There are several recognized cultivars of A. archangelica, both wild and cultivated. In the United States, Angelica atropurpurea L. is often cultivated in place of the European species. A. archangelica should not be confused with the related “Chinese Angelica” or Dong Quai (A. sinensis). Khan 2010, USDA 2020

Story

Angelica has been cultivated for medicinal purposes and as a spice in Scandinavian countries since the 12th century and in England since the 16th century. About 1% of an essential oil is distilled from the roots and seeds, which is used in perfumery and for the licorice flavor in liqueurs and other alcoholic beverages. The candied leaves and stems were used to decorate cakes. Angelica root tea is used to stimulate gastric secretion and treat flatulence; The oil is used externally to treat rheumatic diseases and skin diseases. The Ayurvedic medical system recommends the use of angelica for CNS effects. Angelica root, root powder, essential oil and tinctures are traditionally made and used. Blumenthal 2000, Duke 2002, Khan 2010, Knapp 2009, Pathak 2010

Chemistry

Dried rhizomes and roots are used, which should contain no more than 5% stem or leaf content. Essential oil composition requirements have been published and leaf extracts and seed/fruit essential oils have also been studied for their pharmacological effects. The dried root is 80% to 90% monoterpene hydrocarbons (including phellandrene, caryophyllene, pinene and limonene), with 6% resin and 0.3% angelic acid. The remaining composition includes sterols, phenolic acids (including chlorogenic and caffeic acid), fatty acids, coumarins and furanocoumarins, and tannins.

Pharmacologically active compounds include furanocoumarins, umbelliferone, bergapten, colubiandin and others. The component Imperatorin was mainly studied from the related species Angelica dahurica. The root's shelf life is limited due to loss of essential oil during storage and geographical variations have been noted. Extraction methods and analytical procedures were described. Cao 2017, Duke 2002, Fraternale 2014, Khan 2010, Sarker 2004, Sigurdsson 2012, Waksmundzka-Hajnos 2004, Wszelaki 2011

Use and Pharmacology

Although the components imperatorin and xanthotoxin have been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing neuronal acetylcholine levels and improving cognitive function, accelerated formation of amyloid beta peptides has also been demonstrated. Budzynska 2012, Granica 2013, Sigurdsson 2007

Antibacterial activity

In vitro data

An inhibitory effect against Helicobacter pylori by A. archangelica leaf extract has been demonstrated. Biglar 2014

Anti-inflammatory effect

In vitro data

Anti-inflammatory effects, including reduced proinflammatory cytokines, have been reported in vitro.Fraternale 2018

Antioxidant activity

Animal data

In mice with ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity, A. archangelica treatment resulted in a hepatoprotective effect, possibly due to antioxidant activity.Yeh 2003

Calcium blocking effect

In vitro data

The calcium blocking effect of angelica root was studied in comparison to the solvent used in the extraction and furanocoumarins were identified as the likely active ingredient.Härmälä 1992

Cancer

Animal and in vitro data

The volatile oil extract of angelica fruit was cytotoxic against breast cancer cells of mice, Sigurdsson 2005, and the chemical component angelicin (found in the roots and leaves of A. archangelica) was cytotoxic to breast cancer cell lines in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo in mice. Oliveira 2019 In vitro induction of apoptosis and necrosis has been described.Fraternale 2018

Radiation protection has been demonstrated in rodent studies, possibly due to the extract's antioxidant activity. Khedr 2018, Raafat 2013

CNS effects

Animal and in vitro data

Inhibition of the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid has been demonstrated in vitro,Budzynska 2012, as well as activity on voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, resulting in dampened excitatory activity.Wang 2015, Wu 2013 Experiments on mice show an increased seizure threshold and suppressive effects on tonic-clonic seizures by Imperatorin and the essential root oil.Luszczki 2007, Luszczki 2009, Pathak 2010, Wang 2015

Competitive antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptophan receptors has been demonstrated in vitro.Budzynska 2012, Cao 2017 Limited studies in rodents show that imperatorin derived from fruit extracts is effective in reducing laboratory-induced anxiety and depression.Budzynska 2012, Cao 2017, Kumar 2013, Kumar 2012

Clinical data

Angelica in combination with ferulic acid (Feruguard) has been studied in limited, small studies in patients with dementia. Before recommendations can be made, further clinical studies with angelica as a single agent are required. Kanaya 2010, Kimura 2011

Dermatological effects

In vitro data

Applications of A. archangelica to prevent skin aging have been investigated, with attenuation of ultraviolet B-induced interleukin-6 activity reported. So 2016

nocturia

Clinical data

An industry-sponsored, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of an extract of A. archangelica on nocturnal enuresis (N=69) found no significant difference between groups in the actual number of nocturnal voids, Nocturnal Polyurea Index, or Nocturnal Bladder Capacity Index; Subgroup analysis suggested a beneficial effect in individuals with reduced nocturnal bladder capacity, warranting further investigation (Sigurdsson 2013); However, an analysis of the ingredients of the product used in the double-blind study (SagaPro) revealed that the amounts of isoquercitrin and furanocoumarins are pharmacologically insignificant (i.e., unlikely to have an impact on nocturia).Kowal 2017

dosage

Clinical studies on dosage recommendations are lacking. Traditional doses of dried angelica roots and rhizomes are between 3 and 6 g/day (in divided doses).Blumenthal 2000

Raw fruit extract is not recommended; Safety and effectiveness have not been proven. Blumenthal 2000

Pregnancy/breastfeeding

Avoid using. Adverse effects and emmenagogue effects have been documented.Ernst 2002

Interactions

Angelica contains furanocoumarins, which are often considered coumarin-like but are more accurately classified as dicoumarol. Pengelly 2004, Sigurdsson 2007, Sigurdsson 2013 There are no case reports of interactions with warfarin or other anticoagulant drugs. Ulbricht 2008; however, the related A. sinensis has antiplatelet aggregating activity.Mason 2010 For more information, see the monograph by Dong Quai.

Side effects

Limited clinical studies provide information about side effects. A small clinical trial found no increase in blood pressure or heart rate during 8 weeks of leaf extract use.Sigurdsson 2013 Allergic dermatitis has been reported.Knapp 2009

The presence of photosensitizing linear furanocoumarins in the root indicates that the plant parts should be used with caution when exposed to sunlight. Coumarins, which occur in low concentrations in the oil, are partially removed in some extraction processes.Khan 2010, Raquet 2014

toxicology

A median lethal dose of 2,000 mg/kg of the essential oil in mice was reported, Pathak 2010, while an oral dose of 5 to 10 mg/kg in rats was considered a safe and effective dose of Imperatorin. Kumar 2013 The component Imperatorin accelerates the formation of the amyloid beta peptide in vitro, the effects of which are unclear.Budzynska 2012 Poisonings with high doses of angelica oils have been recorded. Phototoxic and genotoxic effects on human cells have been demonstrated when furocoumarins are combined with ultraviolet irradiation. Raquet 2014

Index terms

• Angelica atropurpurea L.
• Angelica dahurica
• Angelica sinensis

References

Disclaimer

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been evaluated for safety or effectiveness by the FDA and is not subject to the quality and safety information collection standards that apply to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not confirm that this product is safe, effective, or approved to treat any patient or medical condition. This is just a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT contain all information about the possible uses, instructions, warnings, precautions, interactions, side effects or risks that may apply to this product. This information does not constitute specific medical advice and does not replace the information you receive from your healthcare provider. You should speak to your doctor to get complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

This product may interact negatively with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter medications, foods or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe if used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbs, vitamins, minerals, or other supplements you are taking before any surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products generally considered safe in normal amounts, including the use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been adequately studied to determine whether it is safe for use during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or in those younger than 2 years of age.

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Int J Radiat Biol. 2018;94(1):37-44.29157082Kimura T, Hayashida H, Murata M, Takamatsu J. Effect of ferulic acid and Angelica archangelica extract on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in frontotemporal lobe degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2011;11(3):309-314.21272180Knapp CF 3., Elston DM. Short botanical description: Garden angelica (Angelica archangelica). Cutis. 2009;84(4):189-190.19911672Kowal NM, Eyjolfsson R, Olafsdottir ES. Research on the ingredients of SagaPro tablets, a dietary supplement made from Angelica archangelica leaves. Pharmacy. 2017;72(1):3-4.29441889Kumar D, Bhat ZA, Kumar V, Shah MY. Coumarins from Angelica archangelica Linn. and their effects on anxiety-like behavior. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;40:180-186.22960104Kumar D, Bhat ZA, Shah MY. Anti-anxiety effect of successive extracts of Angelica archangelica Linn. on the elevated T-maze and forced swimming tests in rats. 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