mastic

mastic

mastic

Clinical overview

Use

dosage

Mastic resin at a dosage of 1 g daily has been studied for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. To eliminate the H. pylori bacteria in the stomach (which is implicated in a number of gastrointestinal disorders), several commercial products are available, including Mastika, which contains 250 mg of mastic in capsule form. The manufacturer's dosage guidelines recommend taking 4 capsules orally at bedtime for 2 weeks, followed by a maintenance dose of 2 capsules daily.

Contraindications

Avoid use in people with hypersensitivity to pollen or any of the ingredients of mastic.

Pregnancy/breastfeeding

There is a lack of information on safety and effectiveness during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Interactions

None are well documented.

Side effects

Most side effects are associated with hypersensitivity to the plant species or allergic reactions.

toxicology

Most toxic effects are accompanied by allergic reactions.

Scientific family

• Anacardiaceae

botany

Mastic is a gum or resin obtained from an evergreen, dioecious shrub that can grow up to about 3 m tall. The shrub is native to the Mediterranean region, especially on the Greek island of Chios. Its leaves are green, leathery and oval. Its small flowers grow in clusters and are reddish to green. The fruit is an orange-red drupe that ripens black.

The mastic is obtained from June to August through numerous longitudinal grooves in the tree bark. An oleoresin precipitates and hardens into a teardrop shape approximately the size of a pea (3 mm). The transparent, yellow-green resin is collected every 15 days. When chewed, the resin becomes plastic-like with a balsamic/turpentine-like smell and taste. Chevalier 1996, Evans 1996, Lawless 1995, Windholz 1989, Youngken 1950

Mastic is similar to Sanderach resin (obtained from Tetraclinis articulata), although Sanderach does not have the chewable properties of mastic. Evans 1996, Lawless 1995 A related species is Pistacia vera, the pistachio nut.

Story

Mastic resin was used in ancient Egypt as incense and to embalm the dead. Chevalier 1996 It has also been used as a breath sweetener and is chewed to protect teeth and gums. Mastic resin is used as a flavoring in puddings, sweets and cakes, and as the base of a Greek liqueur called mastiche. Pistacia 2017

Commercial uses of mastic resin include use as an adhesive to protect gloss in glass, porcelain, bone, wood, and metal. Mastic resin is used in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, in some cosmetic mixtures and perfumes, in dentistry as an ingredient for filling materials, and in toothpaste. The resin is traditionally used as chewing gum and to protect against dry lips.Duru 2003

Chemistry

Mastic is an oleoresin with about 2% essential oil. Evans 1996, Windholz 1989 The resin contains alpha and beta masti resins, masticin, mastic acid, masticoresen and tannins. Chevalier 1996 Mastic is a complex mixture of tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic triterpenic acids and alcohols. Marner 1991 Reports of specific fractions from the plant include isolation/characterization of polymer fractions, Sanz 1992, van den Berg 1998 and acidic triterpenic fractions of mastic gum. Papageorgiou 1997

The essential oil component in mastic contains more than 70 compounds, with some of the main components being alpha-pinene, myrcene, caryophyllene, beta-pinene, linalool and germacrene. D. Calabro 1974, Calabro 1974, Magiatis 1999, Papageorgiou 1991, Papageorgiou 1981 Another report lists certain percentages of essential oils from galls and aerial parts of plants, such as: B. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (47%), beta-caryophyllene (13%) and cadinene (8%). Fernandez 2000 Composition of essential oils in the type P. Mastic varies from region to region. There are reports from the areas of Chios, Katsiotis 1984, Egypt, De Pooter 1991 and Corsica Castola 1996. The chemical composition of the essential oil in mastic also changes with solidification and storage, Papanicolaou 1995, as well as with the season in which samples are taken. Medina 1979 The chemical composition of various plant parts has been discussed, including leaves, fruits and aerial parts. Boelens 1991, Bonsignore 1998, Fleisher 1992, Wyllie 1990 Lipids in the bark of P. lentiscus have been studied. Diamantoglou 1979

Use and Pharmacology

The alleged uses of mastic are varied; However, clinical studies to support specific therapeutic applications are generally lacking. Limited reviews of the available evidence have been published. (Dimas 2012, Rauf 2017)

Antimicrobial effect

The effectiveness against several bacterial and fungal pathogens is documented in the scientific literature. Clinical studies prove the oral antiseptic effect for use in dentistry.

In vitro data

Monoterpenes are the main chemical components that contribute to the antibacterial activity of mastic oil against gram-positive and gram-negative strains. (Koutsoudaki 2005, Tassou 1995) Activity against the following organisms has been documented: Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. (Iauk 1996)

Mastic also has an antifungal effect. The growth of the fungi Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Torulopsis glabrata and Trichophyton spp. was inhibited by mastic. (Ali-Shtayeh 1999) Activity against the agricultural pathogens Rhizoctonia solani (Duru 2003) and Aspergillus flavus (Barra 2007) has also been documented.

Clinical data

The antibacterial effect of mastic gum against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli, which are mainly associated with dental caries, has been documented. In a preliminary study of 25 periodontally healthy patients, mastic had an antibacterial effect against S. mutans and mutans streptococci compared to placebo chewing gum. (Aksoy 2006) Another study reported similar inhibition of lactobacilli growth in the saliva of orthodontic patients with fixed appliances chewing mastic versus placebo chewing gum. (Aksoy 2007)

Antioxidant effect

In vitro data

The antioxidant activity of P. lentiscus resin and essential oil against free radicals has been documented. (Abdelwahed 2007, Assimopoulou 2005, Ljubuncic 2005, Longo 2007) anthocyanins (Longo 2007), tannins (e.g. gallic acid) (Ljubuncic 2005) and tocopherol (Abdel-Rahman 1976, Abdel-Rahman 1975, Cerrati 1992) all contribute to the antioxidant activity of the mastic.

Antiulcer activity

Mastic has been shown to have the ability to improve benign stomach ulcers. (Huwez 1986) Triterpenic acids may be responsible for reducing Helicobacter pylori colonization in gastric inflammation and ulcers. (Paraschos 2007)

Animal and in vitro data

A microdilution test found that mastic gum killed 50% of isolates of H. pylori strains when tested at a concentration of 125 µg/ml and 90% at a concentration of 500 µg/ml. (Marone 2001)

Results of a study on rats with induced gastric and duodenal ulcers suggested an antisecretory and cytoprotective effect of mastic. (Al-Said 1986) A study in which total mastic extract without polymer was administered to H. pylori SS1-infected mice documented an approximately 30-fold reduction in H. pylori colonization; However, no attenuation of H. pylori-associated chronic inflammatory infiltration and chronic gastritis activity was observed. (Paraschos 2007) Another study in mice concluded that mastic monotherapy was not effective in eradicating H. pylori infection. (Loughlin 2003)

Clinical data

In a double-blind, controlled clinical trial of 38 patients with duodenal ulcers, 1 g of mastic administered daily for two weeks demonstrated an ulcer-healing effect as determined by endoscopy compared to placebo. (Al-Habbal 1984) A letter in the New England Journal of Medicine discusses these and other studies and concludes that 1 g of mastic daily for 2 weeks can rapidly heal peptic ulcers and that the antibacterial effects of mastic against H. pylori may partially explain these beneficial effects (Huwez 1998). In another clinical trial involving 8 patients, researchers concluded that mastic gum had no effect on eradicating H. pylori. (Bebb 2003) Immunomodulatory effects of mastic gum were observed in H. pylori-positive patients. (Kottakis 2009)

In another clinical trial (N=148), mastic gum 350 mg taken three times daily for 3 weeks effectively reduced pain associated with functional dyspepsia compared to placebo. (Dabos 2010)

Cancer

Animal and in vitro data

Despite several in vitro studies with human cancer cell lines that reported antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects, there are no research clinical studies on the use of mastic in cancer. (Balan 2007, He 2006, Loutrari 2006) Studies on rodents in the last 10 years are limited but report positive results. (Spyridopoulou 2017)

Cholesterol effects

Animal and in vitro data

Animal studies have documented the positive effects of mastic on blood lipids. (Andreadou 2016, Bomboi 1988) An in vitro study showed antiatherogenic effects of P. lentiscus resin. (Dedoussis 2004)

Clinical data

In one study, patients who received Chios mastic powder showed a decrease in serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein A-1, apolipoprotein B, liver enzymes and gamma-GT Blood sugar levels and glucose levels. (Triantafyllou 2007)

diabetes

Animal data

There are older reports of antidiabetic effects in rodents in the literature. (Eskander 1995)

hypertension

In vitro data

There are older reports of antihypertensive effects of P. lentiscus in the literature (Sanz 1992, Sanz 1993).

insecticide

In vitro data

According to older reports, mastic may have insecticidal properties. (Pascual-Villalobos 1998)

Irritable bowel disease

Animal data

In a study of rats with induced colitis, administration of mastic oil reduced inflammation and resulted in fewer intestinal tissue changes. (Naouar 2016)

Clinical data

A 4-week pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of Mastic in patients with mild to moderately active Crohn's disease (N=18). Patients received mastic capsules (6 capsules per day). [mastic 0.37 g per capsule]) (n=10) or control (n=8). Mastic was effective in regulating inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in plasma, as well as oxidative stress. Mastic therapy resulted in remission in 7 of the 10 patients, and nutritional status also improved in patients who received mastic therapy. (Kaliora 2007)

In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in adults with relapsed irritable bowel disease (40 with Crohn's disease and 20 with ulcerative colitis), administration of a dietary supplement containing the natural resin product of P. lentiscus (2.8 g/day) was carried out. Significantly improved biomarkers of oxidative stress (i.e. low-density lipoprotein oxidized in plasma) for 3 months. [oxLDL]/LDL, oxLDL/High Density Lipoprotein) in patients with Crohn's disease, but not in patients with ulcerative colitis. In addition, amino acids as potential biomarkers of metabolic changes remained unchanged in the subgroup of patients with ulcerative colitis taking the supplement and were significantly decreased in patients taking placebo. The supplement was standardized to 14 mg mastihadienonic acid and 13 mg isomastihadienonic acid. (Papada 2018)

Surgical wound glue

Clinical data

In a comparative study, mastic adhesive (Mastisol) plus surgical tape showed the strongest adhesion compared to four other anchoring methods. Lesesne 1992) and offers increased adhesive properties compared to the compound benzoin tincture. (Yavuzer 2005)

dosage

Mastic resin at a dosage of 1 g daily has been studied for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. Al Habbal 1984

To eliminate the H. pylori bacteria in the stomach (which is implicated in a number of gastrointestinal disorders), several commercial products are available, including Mastika, which contains 250 mg of mastic in capsule form. The manufacturer's dosage guidelines recommend taking 4 capsules orally at bedtime for 2 weeks, followed by a maintenance dose of 2 capsules daily. Mastic 2000

Pregnancy/breastfeeding

There is a lack of information on safety and effectiveness during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Interactions

None are well documented.

Side effects

Most side effects are associated with hypersensitivity to the plant species or allergic reactions.

toxicology

Most toxic effects associated with mastic or P. lentiscus are associated with allergic reactions. Plant pollen is a major source of allergic reactions. Cvitanović 1994, Keynan 1987, Keynan 1997 The first report of immunological reactions to pollen extracts of the genus Pistacia was in 1987. Keynan 1987 A monographic review of the chemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of mastic available. Ford 1992 Children taking mastic may develop diarrhea. Kang 2007

A 13-week toxicity study in rats documented changes in hematological parameters, including increased white blood cell and platelet counts. Elevations in total proteins, albumin, and total cholesterol have also been documented. Liver weight increased in a dose-dependent manner, and reductions in body weight were documented at high doses. Janakat 2002 Some studies report hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extracts of P. lentiscus, while others identify hepatotoxic effects. Janakat 2002

Index terms

• Pistazien vera
• Tetraclinis artikulieren
• Sanderach

References

Disclaimer

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been evaluated for safety or effectiveness by the FDA and is not subject to the quality and safety information collection standards that apply to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not confirm that this product is safe, effective, or approved to treat any patient or medical condition. This is just a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT contain all information about the possible uses, instructions, warnings, precautions, interactions, side effects or risks that may apply to this product. This information does not constitute specific medical advice and does not replace the information you receive from your healthcare provider. You should speak to your doctor to get complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

This product may interact negatively with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter medications, foods or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe if used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbs, vitamins, minerals, or other supplements you are taking before any surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products generally considered safe in normal amounts, including the use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been adequately studied to determine whether it is safe for use during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or in those younger than 2 years of age.

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