Lemongrass

Lemongrass

Lemongrass

Clinical overview

Use

dosage

There is a lack of information from clinical trials to make dosage recommendations. Dose- and time-dependent adverse effects of C. citratus leaves on renal function have been reported.

Contraindications

Contraindications have not been identified.

Pregnancy/breastfeeding

Avoid using. There is a lack of information on safety and effectiveness during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Interactions

None are well documented.

Side effects

Rare cases of hypersensitivity have been reported. Toxic alveolitis has been linked to inhalation of lemongrass oil. Dose- and time-dependent adverse effects of C. citratus leaves on renal function have been reported.

toxicology

No data. Lemongrass is considered to be less toxic in low doses.

Scientific family

• Poaceae (Gras)

botany

Cymbopogon is a tall, aromatic perennial grass native to tropical Asia. C. citratus is known as lemongrass from Guatemala, the West Indies or Madagascar. C. flexuosus is known as Cochin lemongrass, British Indian lemongrass, East Indian lemongrass or French Indian verbena. C. citratus is grown in the West Indies, Central and South America, and tropical regions. The linear leaves can grow up to 90 cm high and 5 mm wide. Freshly cut and partially dried leaves are used medicinally and are the source of the essential oil.Blumenthal 1998, Leung 1980, USDA 2008

Story

Lemongrass is usually taken as an infusion by pouring boiling water over fresh or dried leaves. It is one of the most commonly used plants in traditional South American medicine. It is used as an antispasmodic, antiemetic, antipyretic and analgesic agent, as well as for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. In India it is commonly used as a cough suppressant, anti-rheumatic and antiseptic. In Chinese medicine, lemongrass is used to treat headaches, stomachaches, abdominal pain and rheumatic pain. Lemongrass is an important ingredient in Southeast Asian cuisine, particularly as a flavoring agent in Thai dishes. Other uses include as an astringent and fragrance in beauty products. Blumenthal 1998, Girón 1991, Leite 1986, Leung 1980

Chemistry

Fresh C. citratus grass contains about 0.4% essential oil. The oil contains 65 to 85% citral, a mixture of two geometric isomers, geraniol and neral. The related compounds geraniol, geranic acid and neroleic acid were also identified. Lewinsohn 1998, Masuda 2008, Ming 1996, Sargenti 1997, Torres 1993. Other compounds contained in the oil include myrcene (12% to 25%), diterpenes, methylheptenone, citronellol, linalol, farnesol, other alcohols, aldehydes, linalool, terpineol, and more than a dozen other minor fragrances. Ansan 1986, Kasumov 1983, Viturro 1998. Geographical differences in chemical components have been noted. Faruq 1994, Idrissi 1993, Torres 1996

The nonvolatile components of C. citratus include luteolins, homoorientin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, fructose, sucrose, octacosanol and others. De Matouschek 1991 The flavonoids luteolin and 6-C-glucoside were also isolated. Cheel 2005, Guanasingh 1981

C. flexuosus essential oil typically contains up to 85% citral. However, many strains have a higher concentration of geraniol (50%), with citral (10% to 20%) and methyl eugenol being minor components. Another species of East Indian lemongrass reportedly contains no citral but up to 30% borneol. Leung 1980

Use and Pharmacology

Anticarcinogenic effect

Animal and in vitro data

Some studies have demonstrated antimutagenic properties of ethanol lemongrass extracts against certain Salmonella typhimurium strains. (Avoseh 2015, Vinitketkumnuen 1994) In other studies, the extract inhibited DNA adduct formation in the colon of rats, but not in liver cells. (Suaeyun 1997, Vinitketkumnuen 1999) In another experiment, ethanol extracts reduced the number but not the size of lesions in rat livers with induced hepatocellular carcinoma. (Puatanachokchai 2002) Studies have shown the toxicity and apoptosis-inducing effects of the essential oil and extracts against leukemia cells of mice and humans. (Dubey 1997, Dubey 1997, Kumar 2008)

Topical C. citratus extract showed antioxidant activity in the skin of mice, leading to the suggestion that it may play a role in skin cancer prevention. (Nakamura 2003)

Anti-inflammatory/pain-relieving effect

Animal data

Conflicting analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in animal studies, but most purported effects were too weak to be of clinical significance. (Carbajal 1989, Carlini 1986, Lorenzetti 1991, Rao 1990)

Antimicrobial effect

Animal and in vitro data

Several reports describe the antimicrobial effects of lemongrass, including activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens and fungi (Baratta 1998, Chalcat 1997, Hammer 1999, Helal 2006, Kishore 1993, Lima 1993, Mishra 1994, Ogunlana 1987, Onawunmi). 1984, Qureshi 1997, Wannissorn 1996, Yadav 1994) The effects are partly attributed to the components geraniol (alpha-citral) and neral (beta-citral). (Onawunmi 1984, Syed 1995) In a study examining 13 oils, lemongrass oil was found to be one of the most active against human dermatophyte strains, inhibiting 80% of strains and having zones of inhibition greater than 10 mm in diameter. (Lima 1993)

Clinical data

In a study in South Africa, lemongrass showed effectiveness in treating HIV-related oral thrush. (Avoseh 2015) As a mouthwash, either alone or in combination with other essential oils, lemongrass has shown antimicrobial effects on subgingival biofilm and reduction in bad breath. (Azad 2016, Satthanakul 2015) Antifungal activity was demonstrated in a clinical trial with C. citratus essential oil (concentration 1.25 µL/ml) in patients with pityriasis versicolor. The mycological cure rate was 60% in the C. citratus group compared to 80% in the control group (ketoconazole 2%). No side effects were reported, the effectiveness was lower than that of ketoconazole. (Carmo 2013)

Antioxidant activity

In vitro data

Lemongrass oil has shown antioxidant and radical scavenging effects in several in vitro experiments. (Cheel 2005, Masuda 2008, Menut 2000)

Clinical data

A clinical study (N=105) examining the effect of lemongrass tea on hematological indices reported positive effects on erythropoiesis, probably due to its antioxidant effects. (Ekpenyong 2015)

Cardiovascular effects

Animal data

Dose-dependent hypotensive effects and weak diuretic effects were demonstrated in rats. (Carbajal 1989) In a study on isolated rat hearts, lemongrass extract reduced heart rate but did not change contraction force. (Gazola 2004)

Clinical data

An independent predictor of cardiovascular disease is C-reactive protein levels, which are elevated in severe chronic periodontitis. To determine the effect of lemongrass on the risk of cardiovascular disease, 45 adults with chronic severe periodontitis were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, controlled pilot study. Patients were divided into three groups: tooth brushing alone or tooth brushing plus periodontal therapy with lemongrass oil mouthwash (0.25%) or chlorhexidine mouthwash (0.12%) twice daily after three months of tooth brushing. Periodontal therapy with both mouthwashes significantly reduced serum C-reactive protein levels compared to baseline (P < 0.05). In addition, pocket depth examination and clinical adhesion loss were significantly improved with each of the mouthwashes compared to brushing alone (both P < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed that changes in each of the local periodontal infection parameters were significantly and positively associated with changes in serum C-reactive protein levels, indicating a reduction in the systemic inflammatory response resulting from improved local periodontal health. The improvements observed with the lemongrass oil mouthwash were numerically greater than the improvements observed with the positive control, chlorhexidine mouthwash. (Subha 2017)

diabetes

Animal data

An experiment on rats showed a dose-dependent decrease in fasting blood sugar levels (Adeneye 2007).

Clinical data

In one study, taking lemongrass leaf tea for two weeks resulted in no hypoglycemic changes. (Leite 1986)

Hepatoprotective effect

Animal data

In a study on mice with acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity, lemongrass oil showed reduced hepatocellular damage. (Saenthaweesuk 2017, Uchida 2017)

Insecticidal effect

Experimental data

In a study examining the mosquito repellent effects of lemongrass on adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and varying concentrations of lemongrass oil in liquid paraffin, the oil demonstrated a repellent effect that was attributed to the citral content. (Oyedele 2002) Other experiments have evaluated the oil as an insecticide. (Ahmad 1995, Avoseh 2015, Gilbert 1999)

Neurological effects

Animal data

An antidepressant effect of C. citratus has been reported in animal models. A mouse study suggests that the effect may be regulated via noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways. (Umukoro 2017)

dosage

There is no information available for dosage recommendations for lemongrass oil. Lemongrass is generally considered safe (GRAS) in the United States.

A recommended safe limit for humans (based on an experiment with rats) is 0.7 mg/kg/day of the essential oil.Fandohan 2008

In a clinical study, the effect of an infusion of 2, 4, or 8 g of C. citratus leaves once daily for 30 days on hematological indices was examined. Ekpenyong 2015 At the higher dose (8 g daily), adverse effects on creatinine clearance rate occurred and estimated glomerular filtration rate was noted. Ekpenyong 2015

Pregnancy/breastfeeding

Avoid using. There is a lack of information on safety and effectiveness during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Citral and myrcene have been shown to cause maternal toxicity at high doses in pregnant rats. Fandohan 2008 Lemongrass extracts have shown antimitotic and apoptotic effects and should be avoided in pregnancy. Kumar 2008, Williams 1996

Interactions

Citral is found in high concentrations in lemongrass essential oil and is a strong inducer of glutathione S-transferase (Nakamura 2003) and its component beta-myrcene. Beta-myrcene has been shown to interfere with the liver enzymes cytochrome P450; However, no drug interactions have been reported for lemongrass. (De Oliveira 1997, De Oliveira 1997)

Side effects

Topical application of lemongrass has rarely resulted in an allergic reaction. (Fandohan 2008) A case of occupational allergic contact dermatitis in a massage professional was positive for several essential oils, which included lemongrass. Despite this positive skin test for lemongrass oil, she did not experience a systemic allergic reaction to lemongrass tea, which she had consumed regularly for 10 years. (Herrero-Moyano 2020) Two cases of toxic alveolitis from inhalation of the oil have been reported. (Blumenthal 1998)

A clinical study reported dose- and time-dependent adverse effects on creatinine clearance and estimated glomerular filtration rates following an infusion of C. citratus leaves. (Ekpenyong 2015)

toxicology

An infusion of lemongrass administered orally to male and pregnant female rats over a period of 2 months at doses up to 20 times the equivalent human dose produced no toxic effects. No external deformities were noted in young animals.Souza Formigoni 1986 However, in another experimental study in rats, doses above 1,500 mg/kg body weight showed histological changes in the stomach and liver, leading to marked abnormalities in the liver and gastric mucosa and eventual death.Fandohan 2008

Achara, an herbal tea made from dried lemongrass leaves, was found to be non-toxic in a small study of healthy volunteers. Orisakwe 1998 Beta-myrcene was found to be non-toxic in a study on Wistar rats, Zamith 1993, but was toxic in another in vitro study. Kauderer 1991 Aqueous extracts of the plant used as an insecticide resulted in some mitotic abnormalities in the root tips of Allium cepa grown in these extracts. Williams 1996

Index terms

• C. citratus
• C. flexuosus
• Britisch-indisches Zitronengras
• Cochin-Zitronengras
• Ostindisches Zitronengras
• Französisches indisches Eisenkraut
• Guatemala-Zitronengras
• Zitronengras aus Madagaskar
• Westindisches Zitronengras

References

Disclaimer

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been evaluated for safety or effectiveness by the FDA and is not subject to the quality and safety information collection standards that apply to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not confirm that this product is safe, effective, or approved to treat any patient or medical condition. This is just a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT contain all information about the possible uses, instructions, warnings, precautions, interactions, side effects or risks that may apply to this product. This information does not constitute specific medical advice and does not replace the information you receive from your healthcare provider. You should speak to your doctor to get complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

This product may interact negatively with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter medications, foods or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe if used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbs, vitamins, minerals, or other supplements you are taking before any surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products generally considered safe in normal amounts, including the use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been adequately studied to determine whether it is safe for use during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or in those younger than 2 years of age.

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