Understanding the effects of weight loss medications on female reproductive health

Understanding the effects of weight loss medications on female reproductive health

In recent months, the effectiveness of contraception for people taking weight loss medications has been questioned, as several women claim to have become pregnant despite taking oral contraceptives.

Despite the lack of evidence about whether the drug may interfere with some birth control methods, there is talk about how it might affect other aspects of female reproductive health.

Here, Kiran Jones, clinical pharmacist at Oxford Online Pharmacy, discusses how weight loss drugs such as Mounjaro and Wegovy can affect everything from periods to sexual desire, fertility and pregnancy, and why it could soon be introduced as an effective treatment for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Irregular menstrual cycles

Weight loss pills can alter metabolism and hormonal balance, sometimes leading to irregular menstrual cycles and possibly even broader reproductive health problems.

This is because the GLP-1 receptors target brain pathways or alter the way the body stores energy, resulting in rapid weight or fat loss. Since reproduction requires significant energy, this can disrupt functions such as menstruation.

Monitoring menstrual cycles and seeking professional advice is crucial when using these treatments.

Unusual ovulation or fertility patterns

Since the drugs induce an energy deficit, this signals the brain's hypothalamus - the brain's hormone regulation center - to suppress the secretion of gonadotropin release (GNRH).

This can lead to irregular or absent ovulation, which reduces the risk of conception by 30 to 40 percent because there are no eggs available for fertilization.

In addition, reduced body fat (below 17%) can also affect estrogen levels, while rapid weight loss further deprives physiological stress and reproduction.

For those trying to conceive after weight loss treatment, delayed conception may occur. Some sources suggest that it is best to stop treatment at least two months before trying, and it is always important to consult a medical professional if you want to become pregnant.

Improved insulin sensitivity and symptoms for PCOS

In the UK, 1 in 5 women are now affected by polycystic ovary syndrome - a hormonal disorder that can lead to insulin resistance, weight gain and reproductive challenges.

A study is underway to investigate whether semaglutide, the active ingredient in weight loss medications like WegVy, could improve insulin sensitivity and ease the symptoms of PCOS.

This is because these increase the body's response to insulin, lower blood sugar levels and reduce insulin resistance. This improved sensitivity can aid weight loss and regulate hormonal imbalances, alleviating many symptoms of PCOS.

For women who wish to conceive, these treatments can restore regular ovulation and significantly improve the chances of conception.

While research is promising, it is important to consult a medical professional to develop a customized treatment plan and avoid self-management.

Changes in sexual desire

Weight loss medications can have a positive impact on body image and sexual well-being, especially for individuals who struggle with self-esteem and confidence due to weight-related concerns.

By promoting weight loss and improving physical health, these treatments often lead to a more positive self-image, which can improve intimacy and sexual satisfaction. Additionally, improving hormonal balance through weight loss can increase libido, especially in those with conditions like PCOS.

However, some medications may initially affect sexual desire or performance. Monitoring changes, maintaining open communication with partners, and seeking guidance from health professionals are essential steps to address concerns and optimize sexual health.

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